In the reference list, include the page range for the chapter or part. In the text, cite specific pages. Thoreau, Henry David. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press. The Making of the American Essay. For more details, see Lahiri, Jhumpa. In Other Words. Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Alfred A. For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry.
For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the text, if any or simply omit. Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics. Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ProQuest Ebrary. Kurland, Philip B. Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale.
In the reference list, include the page range for the whole article. In the text, cite specific page numbers. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. LaSalle, Peter. Brinkley, Alan. New York: McGraw-Hill, References List Format : Place the original publication date before the publication information for the reprint. James, King of England. The Political Works of James I. Edited by Charles Howard McIlwain.
Reprint, Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, Note: Citations of sacred texts such as the Christian Bible, Islam's Holy Qur'an and the Hebrew Torah generally occur only in the in-text citation and are not included in the References List. References List Format : In the notes, give the volume number and page number, separated by a colon, for the specific location of the information referred to in your text.
Hanqi, Fang, ed. A History of Journalism in China. Vol 7. Singapore: Silkroad Press, References List Format : Give the title of the volume to which you refer, followed by the volume number and the general title for the entire work.
Atkinson, Rick. Vol 3 of The Liberation Trilogy. New York: Henry Holt, References List Format : The series name follows the title and is capitalized as a title but is not italicized. If the series numbers its volumes, include that information as well. Holt, Michael F. Franklin Pierce. American Presidents Series Biv, Roy G. On learning the color spectrum. Stannard, Martin. Preface to Muriel Spark: The Biography, xv-xxvi. New York: Norton, Note: Consecutive Pagination means that each new issue of a Journal begins with the page number that follows the last page number in the previous issue.
In other words, the page numbers run consecutively from issue to issue. References List Format : Give the author last name first followed by the year of publication then the article title.
Include the name of the journal in italics followed by the v olume number, the issue number if available and end with the page number s.
Brown, Sterling. Arcadia, South Carolina. Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life Note: Non-Consecutive Pagination means that each new issue of a Journal begins with page 1 and not with the number that follows the last page number in the previous issue, as is the case with consecutive pagination. References List Format : Begin with the author last name first followed by the year of publication, the article title and the name of the journal in italics.
Include the volume number, the issue number and end with the article page number s. Clifford, James. On Ethnographic Authority. Representations 1, no. References List Format : Cite like a monthly magazine see next format , but provide the day of publication. Makary, Marty. References List Format : Magazines are cited by their dates rather than by volume and issue. Huber, Peter. Note: When no author by-line exists, begin with the Article Title and proceed as shown above. This case also illustrates a magazine with a volume number but not an issue number.
References List Format : Begin with the author last name first followed by the year of publication, the article title, the magazine title in italics , the volume number and or issue.
End with the page number s when citing specific portions or quoted passages. A passing race. Canadian Magazine , Note: In most cases, newspaper articles are cited in running text and are not included in the References List; however, when you do, follow the example below. When no author by-line exists, begin with the Article Title rather than the author's name. References List Format : If the name of the newspaper does not include the city, insert the city before the name and italicize it.
If an American city is not well known, name the state as well in parentheses, abbreviated. Identify newspapers from other countries with the city in parentheses not italicized after the name of the newspaper. Page number may be omitted, since separate editions of the same newspaper may place articles differently. If a paper comes out in more than one edition, identify the edition after the date.
Zito, Kelly. Note: When not part of the newspaper title, include name of American city, in italics, along with the rest of the title, as shown here:. Note: When city name is not well known, or there is more than one city in America with the same name, include the state abbreviation, in parenthesis and not italicized, as shown here:. Note: Follow the title of foreign newspapers with its hometown name, in parenthesis and not italicized, as shown here:.
Holden, Stephen. New York Times , September 23, References List Format : If not author is given, begin the note with the title of the article; begin the bibliography entry with the title of the periodical. Boston Globe. References List Format : Treat as a newspaper article. Levi, Jason. Letter to the editor. Smithsonian , June Note: Include the phrase, "Ph.
Include the publication number from ProQuest if appropriate. Colello, Anthony. PhD diss. References List Format : Give the author and title, in quotation marks. Iddings, Joshua Glenn.
Note: Format like a Journal Article. Include the phrase, "Ph. References List Format : Provide information as you would for an article in a journal. Add information about Dissertation Abstracts International. Mou, Yi. Abstract, Dissertation Abstracts International 74 References List Format : Include the document author last name first , the document date when available followed by a description of the document including the collection name, the depository name and the depository location.
Peterkin, Julia. Letter to George Shively dated 18 October. Bobbs-Merrill Papers. Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington.
Note: Papers appearing in the Published Proceedings of Meetings may be formatted in the same manner as a book. References List Format : List the author last name first , the year the paper was read, and the paper title. Montgomery, M. Dow Turner's early work on Gullah. Note: Consult The Chicago Manual of Style to format interviews appearing in other print and non-print mediums.
Rachel Stein, interview by author, Pittsburgh, June 2, References List Format : Do not include unpublished interviews in the bibliography. References List Format : Do not include personal communications such as letters or phone calls in the bibliography. In a note, give the name of the person with whom you communicated, the form of communication, and the date.
Megahn McKennan, conversation with author, March 5, Sangita Thakore, letter to author, November 12, Note: Unlike online sources which exist on a computer service or network and are subject to continual revision, portable electronic sources are published and released at fixed points in time. Generally, these types of citations are done in running text within the document; however, they can be included in the References List.
The following example is for a non-periodical portable source. The format for a periodical source is slightly different.
Title- in italics if book title. Volume, edition, etc. Sheehy, Donald, ed. Robert Frost: Poems, life, legacy. New York: Holt. Organization or Individual holding Property Rights, Location. Electronic Supplements for Real Writing: 1. Interactive Writing Software Ver. Bedford, Boston. For a source accessed through a database, include the name of the database and any number assigned to the source.
References List Format : List the author or editor last name first. List the title italicize if it is a book title , the print publication information, the online publication information including the computer service name , and finish with the accession number. Note: The following source was obtained through the computer service "Dialog. Wever, Katharine. In a painting, Gershwin packed the house. New York Times 30 August, late ed.
Dialog, New York Times Fulltext Fields, Gary. Pes, Alessandro. Academic Search Premier , doi: Article in an Online Magazine.
Seigel, Jacob. Ruskin, Gary. Washington, DC: Essential Information, If the blog is part of a larger publication, include the name of the publication as well.
McNamara, Pat. Winchell, Donna Haisty. References List Format : Chicago recommends that personal communication, including email, not be included in the bibliography, although it can be cited in your text. Brysa, H. Levy, e-mail message to author, January 4, References List Format : Like email, online postings are considered personal communication and are therefore listed in the text only, not in the bibliography.
Include a URL for archived postings. Note: The elements in the following format particularly composer and director may be rearranged to suit your particular purposes. See Chicago Manual of Style for more examples. References List Format : Give the composer and title of the recording, the performers and conductor, the label and identifying number. Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich. Symphony No. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Daniele Gatti.
Harmonia Mundi, MU, compact disc. Shakespeare, William. Directed by Howerd Sackler. Caedmon CDG Eliot, T. Note: While all documents written in the Chicago style should have a title page, this rule may not always apply to papers written in Turabian style.
However, if your professor demands including a cover page, the rules mentioned above apply as well. The Chicago Manual of Style suggests a list of general requirements applicable to the main body of the text:. The Chicago Manual of Style does not provide authors with any strict rules regarding the format of headings and subheadings in the document. However, it does suggest a few recommendations:. Unlike the Chicago Manual of Style, Turabian provides more recommendations for formatting different levels of headings and subheadings.
Following this system is not mandatory, but recommended. In the table below, you can find a comprehensive list of formatting recommendations for each of the three heading levels:. The way you will be formatting each Chicago style citation will depend on the system you are following. As was already mentioned, for the Notes-Bibliography System, you will need to put numbered footnotes.
We will cover that later in our article. Note: If you are using a Notes-Bibliography method, then a chicago in-text citation is put in parentheses only when it follows direct quotes. If you are paraphrasing information, you have to use footnotes instead. Block quotations, also called extracts, are used for longer quotes — five or more lines or over words for prose, and two or more lines for poetry. These quotes have to be formatted differently. In Chicago Style Format, it's better to use words instead of numerals for numbers lower than As for acronyms, explain acronyms the first time you refer to them and specify what they stand for.
From that point on, you should use the acronym alone. Numerals, nor acronyms, should not be written at the beginning of a sentence.
You will need to either rewrite the sentence so that the numeral or acronym appears elsewhere, or write out the full phrase or number: Instead of " people answered the question" or "Two hundred people answered the question" use "We received responses.
If you follow the Notes-Bibliography method, both Chicago and Turabian writing styles imply using footnotes or endnotes whenever you quote an external source directly or include paraphrased information. When using the Author-Date style, on the contrary, you need to include parentheses in text to cite your sources. Footnotes are notes placed at the bottom of each page. Each Chicago style footnote is numbered and its number should correspond to the number placed after a quote, passage, or paraphrased piece of information.
Chicago style footnotes can perform any of the following roles:. Chicago endnotes are generally similar to footnotes and serve the same purposes. The only difference is that while footnotes are placed at the bottom of a page, endnotes are collected at the end of a chapter, document, or article. Endnotes are also identified in the main body of the text with a small superscript number. Then, next to a relevant number at the end of the paper, an author can provide a further explanation. Regardless of whether you follow the Author-Date or Notes-Bibliography method of documenting sources, your paper will have to have a dedicated page that gathers all your references.
In the Author-Date style, this page should be titled as References. And if you follow the Notes-Bibliography method, you should name it as Bibliography.
Here are some general rules for forming citations according to the Chicago style:. Below you can find examples of Chicago style citations for different types of sources in the Notes-Bibliography system:.
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