Readers will recognize many of the restaurants and proprietors in the book and will be introduced to others they may not have known. EPCHS strives to foster research into the history of the El Paso area; share that history with the public; publish and encourage historical writing pertaining to […].
She […]. From left: Mr. Colbert Coldwell, Ms. Mary Haynes, Mr. Joseph Ray and Mr. The city became a center for entertainment for El Paso and the entire southwestern United States.
Restaurants, nightclubs, gambling establishments, a racetrack, along with less respectable businesses, flourished. This was the time when Juarez developed a reputation for everything from fine restaurants to illicit entertainment.
Much of the reputation lives today —— some true and some not. While Americans went to Juarez for entertainment, Juarenses typically came to El Paso to shop during this period. This phenomena continues today. During the s and s, the economic fortunes of Juarez rose and fell with that of the United States. The end of Prohibition reduced tourism in Juarez, and the depression slowed the economy of both El Paso and Juarez. The period from thru the s saw increased industrialization of Juarez.
The Border Industrialization Program initiated the maquiladora, or twin plant, program where American companies opened factories in Mexico to take goods, raw materials and work-in-progress from the U. Glass-blowing plant in Juarez.
President Lyndon B. Johnson met in El Paso and Juarez to officially transfer to Mexico lands that had become part of the U. The Rio Grande now passes through Juarez and El Paso in a man-made canal so it can't change its course and consequently move the international border. A strong international trade arrangement resulted. Today, with a population of over 2 million people, Juarez is one of the largest cities in Mexico. Growth is still fueled by the maquiladora program and the general belief that economic opportunities are better in the north.
The Handbook of Texas, Ron Tyler, ed. Timmons, El Paso: A Borderlands History. El Paso: Texas Western Press. Timmons, ed. Four Centuries at the Pass. El Paso: 4 Centuries 81 Foundation. Armando B. Mexico, D. Oscar J. This trade route was soon connected to Saint Louis, Missouri, and Anglo entrepreneurs flocked to El Paso to make their fortunes as merchants, traders, and freighters. In , Texas won its independence from Mexico and claimed the Rio Grande as its western boundary.
The boundary was finalized by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in and American troops were sent to El Paso to enforce the claim.
With the troops came an influx of Anglo officials, adventurers, and settlers. After the discovery of gold in California the following year, El Paso became a major jumping off point for Americans headed west. Many of them decided to remain in El Paso and soon five settlements had been founded on the Texas side of the river, including one directly across from Paso del Norte called Franklin.
When the Rio Grande finished changing its course in , it left Socorro, Ysleta, and San Elizario on the north side of the river, making them legally part of Texas. As a result, Ysleta became the oldest mission and pueblo in Texas. The influx of Anglos to El Paso in the 19th century created tension with the Hispanic and native inhabitants of the area, at times leading to violent clashes, such as the San Elizario Salt War of The most contentious issue between the two groups was their differing laws regarding land transactions and property ownership.
In , King Charles V of Spain had issued each pueblo in New Spain a land holding that was to be free from trespass and settlement by non-native peoples. The protected status of this land was reaffirmed several times by Spanish law during the late 18th century, and by Mexican law during the early 19th century.
In , Texas adopted English common law, but recognized land grants that had been issued under Spanish and Mexican law. As Anglos began to flood into El Paso, however, they demanded that the Hispanic and native landholders provide legal titles to prove their ownership of the land. Legal titles were very expensive to obtain, thus many landholders could not prove that the land they occupied had been granted to them under Spanish or Mexican law.
Those without legal titles were removed from the land to make way for Anglo settlers. Land owned by native people fell under the jurisdiction of the U. By the mid 19th century, most native groups of El Paso had intermarried with each other and the Spanish to such an extent that they had lost their ethnic identity. The Tiguas were the only distinctive native group left in El Paso, but the Texas government would not recognize them.
Although they originally had been granted more than 35 square miles of land by the Spanish, rights to this land had been in dispute over the years and much of it lost. In , the Texas Legislature illegally incorporated the Ysleta Pueblo and its land into El Paso County, then seized most of the land under eminent domain. In the next three years, conveyances of Tigua land were made to Anglo settlers.
The act of incorporation was reversed in , but in the two months before it took effect, another conveyances took place, leaving the Tiguas with almost no land. In , the railroad arrived in the tiny town of El Paso. Railroad service was the key to regional commercial and agricultural development at the time, and by El Paso had been transformed into a bustling frontier community of more than 10, people.
Though the coming of the railroad meant prosperity for the Anglos of El Paso, it caused conditions to worsen for its few remaining native people. After being stripped of their land, many native people had turned to cottage industries to support themselves, but cheap industrial products shipped in on the railroad soon replaced the demand for native handicrafts. Though the population of El Paso had been a heterogeneous mix of Spaniards and many different native groups after the Pueblo Revolt of , the native people slowly lost their identities during the following centuries.
The native groups of Socorro were the first to intermingle with the Spanish and each other, and by the end of the 18th century they referred to themselves largely as mestizo. Some in the El Paso area still identified themselves as Mansos and Apaches, but engaged in the same rituals as the Tiguas and Piros. San Lorenzo and Socorro had been thoroughly Mexicanized and their inhabitants did not identify themselves as native people at all. During the 20th century, those who wished to preserve their native heritage joined the Tiguas in Ysleta, the only native group who still maintained any sense of their identity.
Today the Tiguas are the only surviving native group in El Paso and they observe celebrations deriving from native and Catholic traditions. TBH Home. Missions and presidio at El Paso del Norte.
Paintings of Indios and Spaniards from O'Crouley See full map. Artist's depiction of native people of the Rio Grande.
The Sumas, characterized by tattooed or painted faces, and the Mansos, known for their distinctive red-plastered hair, were groups that early Spanish explorers encountered in the El Paso area. Read More. Passage of the Rio Grande, as shown in a circa s lithograph. This thanksgiving was the first to be celebrated in what is now the United States, a full 23 years before that of the Pilgrims at the Plymouth Colony.
During the s, Spanish priests began converting the Mansos, Sumas, and Janos of El Paso to Christianity and settling them in missions. Photo of mural at Guadalupe church in Juarez by Margaret Howard. Founded for the Mansos in , the mission was the first to be established in the El Paso area. Click to see the church as it appears today. Map of significant towns and pueblos during the Pueblo Revolt of This map depicts Ysleta and Socorro in their present-day locations on the north bank of the Rio Grande.
The mud-plastered jacal structures and outdoor ovens in this early s photograph are probably very similar to those constructed by the native people of El Paso in the early 18th century. They were loosely arranged around central plazas in the vicinity of the missions. Corpus Christi de la Ysleta del Sur was established for the Tiguas in Though it has been at the mercy of floods and fires over the years, the mission and church were rebuilt on successive occasions.
Ysleta and nearby Mission Socorro church are the two oldest, continuously active parishes in Texas. Photograph by Susan Dial. Despite several changes to the mission's name throughout the years, the Tiguas always considered Saint Anthony, who died in , to be their patron saint and protector. Grapes growing on a Spanish arbor. In addition to their own domesticates, the native people of El Paso grew European crops, such as wheat, grapes, peaches, and other fruits.
It is delightful country in summer.. Inset from ca.
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